Table 1. The Mallet grading system for shoulder function.

Grade I	Flail shoulder
Grade II	Active abduction ≤30°
	Zero degrees of external rotationHand to back of neck impossibleHand to back impossibleHand to mouth with marked trumpet sign
Grade III	Active abduction 30 - 90°External rotation up to 20°Hand to back of neck with difficultyHand to back with difficultyHand to mouth possible with partial trumpet sign (over 40° of shoulder abduction)
Grade IV	Active abduction over 90°External rotation over 20°Hand to back of neck easy Hand to back easyHand to mouth easy with less than 40° of shoulder abduction
Grade V	Normal shoulder