Table 2. Association between PV and phone usage related factors

Characteristics PV (n=263) Non-PV (n=85) Chi2 p-value OR (95%CI)
Type of devices (multiple choice)
Smart phone 0.370 //
Yes 188(71.5) 65(76.5)
No 75(28.5) 20(23.5)
Ordinary phone 0.471 //
Yes 98(37.3) 28(32.9)
No 165(62.7) 57(67.1)
Setting mode (multiple choice)
Ring 0.248 //
Yes 36(13.7) 16(18.8)
No 227(86.3) 69(81.2)
Vibrate 0.093 //
Yes 104(39.5) 25(29.4)
No 159(60.5) 60(70.6)
Ring and vibrate 0.708 //
Yes 130(49.4) 44(51.8)
No 133(50.6) 41(48.2)
Silence 0.285 //
Yes 13(4.9) 7(8.2)
No 250(95.1) 78(91.8)
Location of devices (multiple choice)
Breast pocket 0.461 //
Yes 9(3.4) 1(1.2)
No 254(96.6) 84(98.8)
Side pocket 0.012 2.07 (1.16, 3.68)
Yes 221(84.0) 61(71.8)
No 42(16.0) 24(28.2)
Back pocket 0.570 //
Yes 2(0.8) 1(1.2)
No 261(99.2) 84(98.8)
Belt 1* //
Yes 2(0.8) 0(0)
No 261(99.2) 85(100)
Jacket pockets 0.946 //
Yes 16(6.1) 5(5.9)
No 247(93.9) 80(94.1)
bag or hand bag 0.004 0.48 (0.29, 0.79)
Yes 76(28.9) 39(45.9)
No 187(71.1) 46(54.1) 1
Phone attachment(a) 0.005 2.1(1.25, 3.57)
Yes 123(46.8) 25(29.4)
No 140(53.2) 60(70.6)
Hours of using phone per day 0.115 //
<3 hours 123(47.3) 52(61.2)
3-6 hours 81(31.1) 17(20.0)
>6 – 12 hours 33(12.7) 11(12.9)
>12 hours 23(8.8) 5(5.8)
Frequency of checking phone for different purposes (every hours or minutes per time)
Texting 0.670 //
Not for this purpose 4(1.5) 2(2.3)
<30 minutes 102(38.8) 31(36.5)
30-60 minutes 15(5.7) 2(2.3)
>1-6 hours 71(27.0) 23(27.1)
>6 hours 71(27.0) 27(31.8)
Receiving or making phone calls 0.460 //
Not for this purpose 2(0.8) 1(1.2)
<30 minutes 94(35.7) 29(34.1)
30-60 minutes 6(2.3) 5(5.9)
>1-6 hours 52(19.8) 14(16.5)
>6 hours 109(41.4) 36(42.3)
Checking social networks 0.086 //
Not for this purpose 58(22.1) 17(20.0)
<30 minutes 75(28.5) 27(31.8)
30-60 minutes 22(8.4) 1(1.2)
>1-6 hours 71(27.0) 22(25.9)
>6 hours 37(14.0) 18(21.1)
Reading news 0.723 //
Not for this purpose 80(30.4) 29(34.1)
<30 minutes 66(25.1) 17(20.0)
30-60 minutes 10(3.8) 3(3.5)
>1-6 hours 46(17.5) 19(22.4)
>6 hours 61(23.2) 17(20.0)
Checking email 0.696 //
Not for this purpose 130(49.4) 41(48.2)
<30 minutes 47(17.9) 11(12.9)
30-60 minutes 2(0.8) 1(1.2)
>1-6 hours 11(4.2) 4(4.7)
>6 hours 73(27.7) 28(33.0)
Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated using logistic regression
Fisher’s test p-value
nonparametric test for trend p value
// No calculation
“Yes” for Phone attachment when the answer of carrying phone by your side is “often/very often” and the answer of feeling anxious when participants did not carry device is “anxious/very anxious”