Table 4. Comparison between healthcare-associated pneumonia groups with culture-positive and culture-negative

Characteristics		Culture-positive (n = 35)	Culture-negative (n = 95)	p-value (p < 0.05)
Age (years, IQR)		70 (61-79)	72 (57-82)	0.700
Male		80.0%	53.7%	0.006
Duration of symptom (days, IQR)		3 (2-7)	4 (3-7)	0.414
Symptoms	Cough	100%	100%	1.000
	Fever	85.7%	79.0%	0.385
	Chest pain	65.7%	53.7%	0.219
Respiratory failure		85.7%	89.5%	0.552
Past medical history	Diabetes mellitus	22.9%	24.2%	0.872
	COPD	22.9%	21.1%	0.824
	Pulmonary tuberculosis	54.3%	27.4%	0.004
	Renal failure	2.9%	17.9%	0.028
	Taking corticosteroid	62.9%	71.6%	0.339
	Prior antibiotic use	48.6%	46.3%	0.819
White blood cells (G/l, IQR)		12.0 (9.2-17.5)	12.7 (9.3-19.8)	0.618
CRP (mg/L, IQR)		78.5 (52.8-145.7)	80.0 (40.0-112.6)	0.458
Procalcitonin (ng/L, IQR)		2.1 (0.8-12.7)	1.3 (0.5-5.4)	0.032
Complications		37.1%	22.1%	0.084
Death		14.3%	9.2%	0.323
Duration of hospital stay (days, IQR)		14 (12-16)	12 (10-15)	0.020

COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; IQR: Interquartile range