| Age group |
| < 60 | 21 (25.3) | 14 (66.7) | 7 (33.3) | 0 (0) | <0.01 |
| ≥ 60 | 62 (74.7) | 15 (24.2) | 39 (62.9) | 8 (12.9) |
| Gender |
| Female | 12 (14.5) | 3 (25.0) | 8 (66.7) | 1 (8.3) | 0.80 |
| Male | 71 (85.5) | 26 (24.8) | 38 (53.5) | 7 (9.9) |
| Ethnic group |
| Hoa | 9 (10.8) | 4 (44.4) | 4 (44.4) | 1 (11.1) | 0.68 |
| Kinh | 74 (89.2) | 25 (37.8) | 42 (56.8) | 7 (9.5) |
| Marital status |
| Married | 60 (72.3) | 25 (41.7) | 31 (51.7) | 4 (6.7) | 0.06 |
| Single/widow/separated | 23 (27.7) | 4 (17.4) | 15 (65.2) | 4 (17.4) |
| Working status |
| Not working | 58 (69.9) | 15 (25.9) | 36 (62.1) | 7 (12.1) | 0.03 |
| Currently working | 25 (30.1) | 14 (56.0) | 10 (40.0) | 1 (4.0) |
| Education level |
| < Grade 10 | 36 (43.4) | 11 (30.6) | 20 (55.6) | 5 (13.9) | 0.47 |
| ≥ Grade 10 | 47 (56.6) | 18 (38.3) | 26 (55.3) | 3 (6.4) |
| Household economic status |
| Non-poor | 46 (55.4) | 19 (41.3) | 23 (50.0) | 4 (8.7) | 0.37 |
| Poor | 37 (44.6) | 10 (27.0) | 23 (62.2) | 4 (10.8) |
| Smoking status |
| Non-smoker | 11 (13.3) | 3 (27.3) | 7 (63.6) | 1 (9.1) | 0.74 |
| Ex-smoker | 50 (60.2) | 16 (32.0) | 28 (56.0) | 6 (12.0) |
| Active smoker | 22 (26.5) | 10 (45.6) | 11 (50.0) | 1 (4.6) |
| Comorbidity |
| No | 27 (32.5) | 7 (25.9) | 15 (55.6) | 5 (18.5) | 0.13 |
| Yes | 56 (67.5) | 22 (39.3) | 31 (55.4) | 3 (5.4) |
| Exacerbation of COPD |
| No | 16 (19.3) | 3 (18.8) | 12 (75.0) | 1 (6.3) | 0.24 |
| Yes | 67 (80.7) | 26 (38.8) | 34 (50.8) | 7 (10.5) |
| Acute respiratory failure |
| No | 50 (60.2) | 20 (40.0) | 30 (60.0) | 0 (0) | <0.01 |
| Yes | 33 (39.8) | 9 (27.3) | 16 (48.5) | 8 (24.2) |
| Handgrip strength (kg) (mean ± SD) | 21.6±8.7 | 25.9±8.9 | 20.1±7.8 | 14.6±6.0 | <0.01a |
| Weight (kg) (mean ± SD) | 53.9±10.0 | 63±7 | 51±8 | 40±4 | <0.01a |
| BMI (kg/m2) (mean ± SD) | 20.4±3.4 | 23.4±2.3 | 19.4±2.4 | 15.1±1.2 | <0.01a |