Table 1. General characteristics of participants (n=374)

Variables	Value	Frequency	Percentage
Age	Mean = 50.9	SD = ± 16.54
	≤ 50 years	168	44.9%
	> 50 years	206	55.1%
Ethnicity	Kinh people	257	68.7%
	Ethnic minority	117	31.3%
Gender	Female	145	38.8%
	Male	229	61.2%
Educational level	High school or higher education	280	74.8%
	Other (Primary/ Secondary education)	94	25.2%
Number of patients /bed	1 patient/bed	337	90.1%
	2 patients/bed	37	9.9%
Level of pain	Mean = 5.66	SD = 1.73
	Mild pain	44	11.8%
	Moderate pain	196	52.4%
	Severe pain	134	35.8%