Table 5. The association of general characteristics with HF knowledge, adherence, and quality of life among patients with heart failure (n=330)

	Adequate HF knowledge		HF Compliance		Quality of life (Standardized descriptive system overall score)*		Quality of life (VAS score)
	n (%)	p	n (%)	p	Mean ± SD	p	Mean ± SD	p
Age group
<50 years old	8 (16.7)	<0.001	9 (18.8)	0.925	0.902 ± 0.155	0.821	73.7 ± 11.2	0.001
50-59 years old	3 (3.7)		18 (22.2)		0.919 ± 0.138		72.0 ± 11.4
≥60 years old	5 (2.5)		42 (20.9)		0.915 ± 0.154		67.8 ± 12.5
Gender
Male	4 (2.4)	0.070	37 (22.6)	0.500	0.906 ± 0.164	0.303	68.7 ± 13.0	0.176
Female	12 (7.2)		32 (19.3)		0.923 ± 0.135		70.6 ± 11.4
Ethnicity
Kinh	16 (4.9)	1.000	69 (21.4)	0.352	0.913 ± 0.151	0.359	69.7 ± 12.2	0.940
Other	0 (0)		0 (0)		0.966 ± 0.090		70.0 ± 14.4
Education level
Below primary school	0 (0)	0.012	7 (20.0)	0.449	0.928 ± 0.179	0.953	67.0 ± 15.1	0.057
Secondary school	1 (1.2)		12 (14.8)		0.912 ± 0.140		67.4 ± 13.8
High school	8 (5.0)		38 (23.6)		0.913 ± 0.147		70.5 ± 10.5
Above high school	7 (13.2)		12 (22.6)		0.913 ± 0.159		72.2 ± 12.2
Using health insurance
Yes	16 (4.9)	1.000	69 (21.0)	1.000	0.914 ± 0.151	0.903	69.6 ± 12.3	0.743
No	0 (0)		0 (0)		0.927 ± 0.103		72.5 ± 10.6
Living with family
Yes	16 (5.1)	1.000	65 (20.5)	0.483	0.915 ± 0.151	0.942	69.5 ± 12.0	0.254
No	0 (0)		4 (30.8)		0.911 ± 0.148		73.5 ± 17.2
Time from the first diagnosis to study
1st year	3 (7.7)	0.289	6 (15.4)	0.254	0.923 ± 0.114	0.196	66.8 ± 13.0	0.100
2nd year	8 (7.0)		22 (19.3)		0.910 ± 0.152		71.6 ± 11.5
3rd or 4th year	2 (2.3)		16 (18.0)		0.939 ± 0.115		68.2 ± 11.7
5th year or more	3 (3.4)		25 (28.4)		0.892 ± 0.188		70.0 ± 13.2
Time from the first diagnosis to treatment
In the first year	14 (4.7)	0.674	66 (22.3)	0.076	0.911 ± 0.154	0.171	69.7 ± 12.3	0.719
In the second year or farther	(5.9)		3 (8.8)		0.948 ± 0.111		68.9 ± 12.4
Emergency hospitalization in the previous year
No	13 (6.8)	0.240	44 (22.9)	0.604	0.907 ± 0.155	0.507	72.3 ± 12.3	<0.001
Once	2 (2.3)		16 (18.6)		0.920 ± 0.135		66.3 ± 11.6
Twice or more	1 (1.9)		9 (17.3)		0.933 ± 0.155		65.4 ± 10.6
HF classification
Class I	12 (6.4)	0.103	50 (26.5)	0.016	0.910 ± 0.163	0.851	70.2 ± 12.0	64.8
Class II	4 (4.9)		10 (12.3)		0.918 ± 0.140		68.9 ± 12.1
Class III, IV	0 (0)		9 (15.0)		0.922 ± 0.121		69.0 ± 13.3
Comorbidities
Have least one	16 (5.3)	0.380	67 (22.1)	0.085	0.914 ± 0.153	0.741	69.5 ± 12.0	0.439
No	0 (0)		2 (7.4)		0.924 ± 0.122		71.4 ± 14.5
Overweight/Obesity
Yes	7 (6,6)	0,412	17 (16.0)	0.147	0.935 ± 0.113	0.088	70.7 ± 13.1	31.0
No	9 (4,1)		52 (23.6)		0.905 ± 0.163		69.2 ± 11.9

Standardized descriptive system overall score = (observed value – min)/(max – min)