Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population (n=324)

Characteristics Mean±SD (range) or n (%) Characteristics Mean±SD (range) or n (%)
Age, years old, mean±SD (range) 76±9 (60–102) Polypharmacy (n [%]) 195 (60.2)
 Age group (n [%]) ADL impairment (n [%]) 83 (25.6)
 60–69 85 (25.2) ADL score (n [%])
 70–79 120 (37.1)  0 20 (6.2)
 ≥80 119 (36.7)  1 18 (5.5)
Gender (n [%])  2 7 (2.2)
 Female 208 (64.2)  3 9 (2.8)
 Male 116 (35.8)  4 11 (3.4)
Education (n [%])  5 18 (5.5)
 Preschool 47 (14.5)  6 241 (74.4)
 Primary 121 (37.3) IADL impairment (n [%]) 205 (63.3)
 Secondary 72 (22.2) IADL score (n [%])
 Higher education 19 (5.9)  0 35 (10.8)
Occupation (n [%])  1 24 (7.4)
 Famer 43 (13.3)  2 26 (8.0)
 Employee 47 (14.5)  3 21 (6.5)
 Officer 38 (11.7)  4 23 (7.1)
 Merchant 95 (29.3)  5 19 (5.9)
 Other 101 (31.2)  6 25 (7.7)
Marital status (n [%])  7 32 (9.9)
 Never married / widowed / divorced 178 (54.9)  8 119 (36.7)
 Married 146 (45.1) CFS score (mean±SD) 4.8±1.4
Living status (n [%]) Frailty group (n [%])
 Living alone 15 (4.6)  Frail 197 (39.2)
 With family 298 (92.0)  Non-frail 127 (60.8)
 Other 11 (3.4)
BMI (kg/m2, mean±SD) 20.6±2.9
Multimorbidity (n [%]) 272 (84.0)
Comorbidities (n [%])
 Hypertension 256 (79.0)
 Chronic kidney disease 58 (17.9)
 History of stroke 49 (15.1)
 Osteoarthritis 91 (28.1)
 Anemia 27 (8.3)
 Diabetes 102 (31.5)
 Peripheral arterial disease 12 (3.7)
 Ischemic heart disease 91 (28.1)
 Heart failure 28 (8.6)
 Cancer 15 (4.6)
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; CFS, Clinical Frailty Scale.